how to make formula-1 race car

F-1 FORMULA RACE CAR

INTRODUCTION:

Robotics offers a useful tool for communicating the excitement of engineering to technology students. This paper describes an autonomous Arduino-based racecar project for use in an engineering technology course.

Project outcomes include the ability of the students to explain basic computer organization, to write simple code in C, and to design, analyze, and rapidly fabricate useful mechanical components. Multiple forms of assessment are used to demonstrate success, including student surveys, lab reports, presentations, and homework.

COMPONENTS:

1.Car Body

2.Arduino

3. Motors

4. Jumper Wires

5. H-bridge

6. Lipo Battery (7.4 V)

7. Simple Battery (9V).

DC MOTOR:

A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts direct current electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current flow in part of the motor.

DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered from existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field windings.

SERVO MOTOR:

A servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control of angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration. It consists of a suitable motor coupled to a sensor for position feedback. It also requires a relatively sophisticated controller, often a dedicated module designed specifically for use with servomotors.

Servomotors are not a specific class of motor although the term servomotor is often used to refer to a motor suitable for use in a closed-loop control system.

Servomotors are used in applications such as robotics, CNC machinery or automated manufacturing.          

ARDUINO UNO:

DESCRIPTION:

This is the new Arduino Uno R3. In addition to all the features of the previous board, the Uno now uses an ATmega16U2 instead of the 8U2 found on the Uno (or the FTDI found on previous generations). This allows for faster transfer rates and more memory. No drivers needed for Linux or Mac (info file for Windows is needed and included in the Arduino IDE), and the ability to have the Uno show up as a keyboard, mouse, joystick, etc.

The Uno R3 also adds SDA and SCL pins next to the AREF. In addition, there are two new pins placed near the RESET pin. One is the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage provided from the board. The other is a not connected and is reserved for future purposes. The Uno R3 works with all existing shields but can adapt to new shields which use these additional pins.

Arduino is an open-source physical computing platform based on a simple i/o board and a development environment that implements the Processing/Wiring language. Arduino can be used to develop stand-alone interactive objects or can be connected to software on your computer (e.g. Flash, Processing, MaxMSP). The open-source IDE can be downloaded for free (currently for Mac OS X, Windows, and Linux).

FEATHERS:

• ATmega328 microcontroller
• Input voltage - 7-12V
• 14 Digital I/O Pins (6 PWM outputs)
• 6 Analog Inputs
• 32k Flash Memory
• 16Mhz Clock Speed

ARDUINO SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT:

A program for Arduino may be written in any programming language for a compiler that produces binary machine code for the target processor. Atmel provides a development environment for their microcontrollers, AVR Studio and the newer Atmel Studio.

The Arduino project provides the Arduino integrated development environment (IDE), which is a cross-platform application written in the programming language Java. It originated from the IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It includes a code editor with features such as text cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic indenting, brace matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides simple one-click mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an Arduino board. It also contains a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a hierarchy of operation menus.

A program written with the IDE for Arduino is called a sketch.^[42] Sketches are saved on the development computer as text files with the file extension .in. Arduino Software (IDE) pre-1.0 saved sketches with the extension. ode.

The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which provides many common input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution.

 The Arduino IDE employs the program argued to convert the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's firmware.

H-BRIDGE:

USAGE:

H-Bridges are typically used in controlling motors speed and direction, but can be used for other projects such as driving the brightness of certain lighting projects such as high powered LED arrays.

HOW IT WORK’S:

An H-Bridge is a circuit that can drive a current in either polarity and be controlled by *Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).

* Pulse Width Modulation is a means in controlling the duration of an electronic pulse. In motors try to imagine the brush as a water wheel and electrons as the flowing droplets of water. The voltage would be the water flowing over the wheelat a constant rate, the more water flowing the higher the voltage. Motors are rated at certain voltages and can be damaged if the voltage is applied to heavily or if it is dropped quickly to slow the motor down. Thus PWM. Take the water wheel analogy and think of the water hitting it in pulses but at a constant flow. The longer the pulses the faster the wheel will turn, the shorter the pulses, the slower the water wheel will turn. Motors will last much longer and be more reliable if controlled through PWM.

PINS:

·         Out 1: Motor A lead out

·         Out 2: Motor A lead out

·         Out 3: Motor B lead out

·         Out 4: Mo (Can actually be from 5v-35v, just marked as 12v)

·         GND: Ground

·         5v: 5v input (unnecessary if your power source is 7v-35v, if the power source is 7v-35v then it can act as a 5v out)

·         EnA: Enables PWM signal for Motor A (Please see the "Arduino Sketch Considerations" section)

·         In1: Enable Motor A

·         In2: Enable Motor A

·         In3: Enable Motor B

·         In4: Enable Motor B

·         EnB: Enables PWM signal for Motor B (Please see the "Arduino Sketch Considerations" section).

SPECIFICATIONS:

·         Double H Bridge Drive Chip: L298N

·         Logical voltage: 5V Drive voltage: 5V-35V

·         Logical current: 0-36mA Drive current: 2A (MAX single bridge)

·         Max power: 25W

·         Dimensions: 43 x 43 x 26mm

·         Weight: 26g

*Built-in 5v power supply, when the driving voltage is 7v-35v.

LIPO BATTTERY:

A lithium polymer battery, or more correctly lithium-ion polymer battery (abbreviated variously as Lipo, LIP, Li-poly and others), is a rechargeable battery of lithium-ion technology using a polymer electrolyte instead of the more common liquid electrolyte. High conductivity semisolid (gel) polymers form the electrolyte for Lipo cells that are being used in tablet computers and many cellular telephone handsets. 

liPo cells follow the history of lithium-ion and lithium-metal cells which underwent extensive research during the 1980s, reaching a significant milestone with Sony's first commercial cylindrical Li-ion cell in 1991. After that, other packaging forms evolved, including the pouch format now also called "LiPo".